Albert Einstein Albert Einstein 【Introduction】

 Albert. Einstein, Albert Einstein (1879.3.14-1955.4.18)
human history, one of the greatest scientists; has a theoretical physicist of Jewish descent; founder of the theory of relativity; awarded the Nobel in 1921 Prize in Physics; world-recognized scientists in the 20th century, one of the most outstanding. German scientist Albert Einstein's IQ: 160 or so
【Description】
1879 life was born in Ulm, Germany, an operating electrical workshops the owners family. A year later, with his family moved to Munich, .1894, his family moved to Milan, Italy .1895 Aarau, Switzerland, he transferred to the city of State High School .1896 University of Zurich into the study, Department of Physics Teachers, 1900 Graduation .1901 .1902 in obtaining Swiss nationality can not enter after graduating from university academic institutions, the Patent Office in Bern, Switzerland only do inspectors find a temporary job, was hired as a Swiss patent office in Bern, technicians, technology in patent applications identification of the work. But where Einstein was a scientific passion of formal education, eventually killing burst out again, easy to remain committed to working to Einstein science.
his spare time to carry out scientific research in 1905 , nearly 26-year-old Albert Einstein published three consecutive paper (the establishment and made light of quantum theory, to promote the revolutionary theory of physics. In the same year, the paper 1909 left the Patent Office, associate professor of theoretical physics at the University of Zurich office .1911 German University of Prague, he became professor of theoretical physics in 1912, he served as professor of his alma mater, Polytechnic School in Zurich. 1914, should be Max. Planck and Walter. Nernst invited back to Germany either by William the Royal Institute of Physics, University of Berlin, Professor and Chairman, until 1933, should be Hendrick in 1920. Anton. Lorenz and Paul ears. Ellen Fister's invitation, also Helan Lai Visiting Professor University of Houston. World War I broke out, he put an open and underground anti-war activities.
1915, Einstein published the general theory of relativity. After he made light of the sun's gravitational field predicted to be bent on 1919 by the British astronomer Arthur. Stanley. Eddington's solar eclipse observations, he confirmed .1916 gravitational waves predicted in 1978 has also been confirmed. Einstein and relativity in the West became a household name also attracted the German and other countries chauvinists, militarists and anti-Semitism of those vicious attacks.
1917, Einstein as the theoretical basis of the laser.
Einstein by photoelectric effect in terms of research, was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics .1933 Nazi Party in January, after seizing power in Germany, Einstein is a scientific Jieshou want the object of persecution, but fortunately he was lecturing in the United States, not by murderous .3 fled to Europe on his return to Belgium, September 9 that he was prepared to assassinate the Gestapo tracking, starry night crossing to England, in October to the U.S. Prince Washington University as professor of the new Institute of Advanced Studies, until 1945, he retired .1940 obtain U.S. citizenship.
1939, he was informed and the chain reaction of nuclear fission of uranium found in the Hungarian physicist Leo. Szilard, driven by a letter to President Roosevelt, the proposed development of the atomic bomb, in case the German take precedence. eve of World War II, the United States in two Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombs dropped over the city, Albert Einstein this strong dissatisfaction. battle , in order to carry out the peace movement against nuclear war and against the fascist danger in the United States, have made unremitting struggle.
1955 年 18 月 4 日 aortic aneurysm rupture due to the death of Albert Einstein in Princeton. follow his Will not hold any funeral, do not build tombs, can not stand monuments, ashes scattered on human security in place forever, so as not to make any place a holy place. Einstein's later life has been engaged in looking for big unified theory of work But this work did not succeed, and now the grand unified theory of physics theory is the central issue.
1955 年 4 months, dying of Einstein signed the together, to prevent the outbreak of a new world war. Einstein is not only a great scientist, or a pacifist. He has seen two world wars, the destruction of human civilization, that peace is humanity's primary problem. < br> 1999 year March 14, Wu was born in Germany, Ear Farm southwest city of Munich a year later moved with his family. Einstein's parents were Jewish, his father Hermann. Einstein and his uncle Jacob. Albert Einstein, and opened a power plant and lighting systems for the production of motors, arc lights and electrical appliances factory instrument. mother, Lin is a glass of families of women with secondary education, very fond of music, taught him the time in the Einstein-year-old violin.
love Einstein was not a lively child, more than three years old will not talk, parents are worried that he is dumb, who took him to a doctor. Fortunately, Baby Einstein is not dumb, but his speech until the age of nine is not very smooth, every word spoken must be difficult, but careful thought.
four or five years old, Einstein once confined to bed, his father gave him a compass. When he discovered that a compass always points to a fixed direction, was very surprised that there must be something deeply hidden behind this phenomenon. He was happy playing for days on this compass, still cling to the father and uncle Jacob asked a series of questions. Although he did not even ; magnetic > Einstein elementary school and middle school, homework is normal. Because of his demeanor slowly exchanges do not love my colleagues, teachers and students do not like him. taught him Greek and Latin teacher to him, is offensive, publicly scolded him: Jacob in electrical technology, the factory responsible for the affairs of Einstein's father is responsible for business relationships. Jacob was an engineer himself very fond of mathematics, Einstein came when he asked a small question, He was always popular with a very shallow knowledge of the language of mathematics introduced to him. under the influence of his uncle, Albert Einstein earlier by the scientific and philosophical enlightenment.
his father's business is not good, but is an optimistic and good-hearted people, at home one evening every week to invite to dinner poor students studying in Munich, this is tantamount to remedy them. in which a pair of Jewish brothers from Lithuania Max and Bernard, they are is to learn medicine, and like to read books, wide range of interests. They were invited to dinner Einstein and and shy, black hair and brown eyes make small Einstein became good friends.
Max can said to be Einstein's . Einstein's later years recalled little of this sacred book, said: prove that any suspected seems impossible. The clarity and reliability of left me with an indescribable impression. natural sciences, the main results and methods of popular science books not only enhance the knowledge of Einstein, but also struck a chord with young people, curious, causing him to question the thought. Einstein was sixteen years old Zurich, Switzerland, federal candidates University of Engineering, but it failed entrance exams. He accepted the president of the Federal University of Technology and the school famous physicist Prof Weber's proposal, the city of Aarau in Switzerland State High School finished the secondary school curriculum in order to obtain secondary education .
1896 年 10 months, Einstein entered the Zurich University of the school, studying in the Department of Mathematics and Physics Teachers. He's injection of school education is offensive, that it makes no time, no interested in thinking about other issues. Fortunately, choking the real power to force science education, Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich is much less than other universities. Einstein full use of the school in the free air, to concentrate on his own love discipline. In schools, his extensive reading of the Helmholtz, Hertz and other works of masters of physics, he is most fascinating is that Maxwell's electromagnetic theory. He has a self-learning skills, problem analysis and independent thinking habits capacity.
early work
1900, Einstein graduated from the University of Zurich. because he is not keen on some homework, and teacher indifference and rejection staying. he could not find work, by teachers and substitute teachers to do the family live. in unemployment year and a half later, interest in and understanding of his students to Marcel. Grossman to him a helping hand. Grossman managed to convince his father to Albert Einstein Introduction to the Swiss Patent Office to make a technician.
Einstein Grossman life thanks to his help. in memory of Grossman's letter, he talked about the matter, said that when he graduated from college, like life-saving grace, without him I probably Buzhi Yu starve to death, but the spirit will be deserting our ideas together. June 23, 1902, Einstein formally employed in the Patent Office, any third technician job duties is to review applications for patents on a variety of technological innovations and inventions .1903, he and Mileva university students. Ma Like marriage.
1900 年 -1904, Einstein wrote a paper each year, published in Germany, that being the case, instead of the mechanical basis of .1901 of thermodynamics was proposed some basic theory of statistical mechanics, 1902 -1904 between the three papers fall into this area.
1904 years of careful study of the statistical mechanics fluctuations predicted by the phenomenon and found that the energy fluctuation depends on the Boltzmann constant. It is not only the results for mechanical systems and thermal phenomena, and boldly for the radiation phenomenon, draw radiant energy fluctuation formula Wien displacement law to export. Fluctuation Phenomena, made him in 1905 in the kinetic theory of radiation theory and also made a major breakthrough in two areas.
1905
1905 miracle year, Einstein in the history of science has created an unprecedented miracle. This year he wrote six papers in the March to September the past six months, the use of the Patent Office free time outside of work hours per day, making four in three areas a landmark contribution has he made that on the light quantum, molecular size determination, theory of Brownian motion and special relativity that four important papers.
1905 年 3 months, Einstein himself considered correct to send a paper to the German be embarrassed light quantum hypothesis put forward. that: For the time average, the light showed fluctuations; and for the instantaneous value of the performance of the particle nature of light. This is the first time revealed the volatility of microscopic objects and particles of uniform, that is, wave-particle duality.
the end of this article, he ran out an easy explanation of the concept of quantum classical physics can not explain the photoelectric effect, the maximum photoelectron energy is derived with the relationship between the frequency of incident light. This relationship ten years after the grant by the Millikan experiment confirmed .1921, Einstein because . Albert Einstein in the light, heat, electricity in the three areas of physics go hand in hand, out of control on April .1905, Einstein completed the required kinetic theory of static liquid particulate movement. no regular exercise, to determine the actual size of molecules to solve the half-century scientific and philosophical circles to argue the existence of the atomic problem.
Three years later, French physicist Perrin's experiments confirmed the precision Einstein's theory predicts. to prove justifiable objective existence of atoms and molecules, making the most firmly opposed to the atomic theory of the German chemist, only to founder on the Ostwald initiative announced in 1908: atomic hypothesis has become a solid basis of scientific theory This is Einstein and explore the results of years of brewing, it is the late 19th century in large measure to solve the crisis of classical physics that appears, change the concept of Newtonian mechanics, time and space, exposing the very nature of matter and energy, the creation of a new physics world, is the greatest of modern physics revolution.
special theory of relativity can be explained by classical physics can not only explain all the phenomena of classical physics can explain some physical phenomena can not be explained, and the predicted number of new effects. The most important conclusion is that special relativity principle of conservation of mass loss of independence, he and energy conservation together, mass and energy can be transformed into each other. there are other more frequently mentioned slow-foot bell contraction, the speed of light constant, the photon rest mass is zero and so on. and classical mechanics to relativistic mechanics became an exercise in low-speed limit situation. Thus, it was in mechanics and electromagnetism unification on the basis of kinematics up.
1905 年 9 months, Einstein wrote a short article, Theoretical Foundation, also 40 years of the 20th century to achieve the release and use of nuclear energy has opened the way.
in this short period of six months, Einstein's breakthrough achievements in science can be said to be , unprecedented. enveloped in a scope of application of the principle be extended to non-inertial reference frame. He Galilean gravitational field all objects have the same acceleration of the experimental facts found the breakthrough in the old, in 1907 proposed the equivalence principle. in this year, his college teacher, the famous geometer proposed special relativity Minkowski four-dimensional space representation for the further development of theory of relativity provides a useful mathematical tool, but unfortunately Einstein did not recognize its value.
etc. effect principle of discovery, Einstein considered the most enjoyable of his life thinking about, but after the work was very hard, and take a big detour .1911, he analyzed the rigid rotating disc, aware of the gravitational field-EU Ji He's not strictly valid. Lorenz also found that change is not universal, the equivalence principle valid only for infinitely small region hh. when the Albert Einstein already had the idea of general relativity, but he also established that the lack of mathematical foundations necessary.
1912, Einstein returned to Zurich to his alma mater work. In his classmates, his alma mater, Professor Ren Shuxue Grossman help him Riemannian geometry and tensor analysis found established mathematical tools of general relativity. After a year of struggling to cooperate, they made an important 1913 paper together, the Riemannian geometry to obtain the physical meaning of it.
but they were the gravitational field equations are only linear transformation is covariant theory of general relativity is not required with any covariance under coordinate transformation. This is because the Einstein tensor operator was not familiar with, so he wrong to think that if we continue to conservation law, we must restrict the choice of coordinate system, in order to maintain causality, had to abandon the requirements of general covariance.
long Discover
difficult after the completion of general relativity, Einstein is still unsatisfied, it is necessary to promote the general theory of relativity together, so that it includes not only the gravitational field, including electromagnetic fields. He believes this is the third phase of the development of relativity, the unified field theory.
1925 years later, Einstein's unified field theory go all out to explore. the first few years he was very optimistic that victory is in sight; later found difficult, he believes the existing mathematical tools are not enough; 1928 into the future exploration of pure mathematics. He tried to use various methods, but have not made a real physical meaning of the results.
1925 年 -1955 In the past 30 years, in addition to the completeness of quantum mechanics problems gravitational waves and the movement of general relativity issues, Einstein almost all of his energy to science to create a unified field theory are used for exploration.
1937, the cooperation of the two assistants from his general theory of relativity in the gravitational field equation of motion equation is derived, and further revealed the spatial mm time, matter, motion unity between, this is a major development of general relativity, Einstein also made scientific creation activities, the last major achievement.
a unified field theory, he has not succeeded, he never discouraged, always full of confidence at the end from the beginning. because he was away from the mainstream of physics, there was no condition to attack alone to solve the problem, therefore, the same the situation of 20 years contrary, his later years in the physics community is very isolated. but he is still fearless, and unswervingly determined to go his own way, until the day before death, he was still in bed ready to continue his unified field theory mathematical calculations.
concerns the fate of all mankind who
Einstein love science, but also love humanity. He did not because, deep in research and placing themselves from society, has been concerned about the progress of human civilization and for, and tenacity, the courage to fight. He said:
1914 年 4 months, Einstein accepted the invitation of the German scientific community, moved to Berlin, World War I broke out in August that. occupying the war, although the birthplace of his life surrounded by advocates of the war , was emphatic that his anti-war attitude .9 months, Einstein anti-war groups sponsoring the case, Einstein is still determined to participate in the organization's clandestine activities.
10 months, the German scientific community and cultural manipulation of the militarists and inflamed, issued a Germany's war of aggression launched by the defense, advocate Germany above all, the whole world should accept the the artist and the priest and so on. Even Nernst, Roentgen, Ostwald, Planck and so in the above signed. When Einstein sought a signature, he flatly refused, while he was resolutely anti- war, It was a commend to the world will have a decisive significance, the great social experiment, said: that his approach is practical, but one thing is certain: this type of person as he is a defender of human conscience and recycling of those. victory of the revolution under the influence and inspiration, an uprising to overthrow the Kaiser Wilhelm II to step down on the third day, that is, to his mother, Einstein wrote a postcard row, cheering This incident is what a privilege! dreams. especially after Hitler came to power in 1933, growing fascist Germany, Einstein realized that a new barbarism that the war is inevitable, prompting him to change his views. He clearly said: , we have to fight. Since the arrival of the danger of fascism, and now I no longer believe in absolute passive pacifism is effective. Just fascist rule in Europe, there would be no peace. Einstein's progress activities, and because he was Jewish, they have been the persecution of the German Nazis as an important target, but fortunately the end of 1932 he left Germany to the United States to give lectures, was not being behind the atrocities. He was in Berlin confiscated and destroyed housing, His property was confiscated, his writings were burned, the Nazis also offering a reward of twenty thousand marks to kill him. face the risk of assassination Nazis, Einstein is not the slightest fear, but more determined to fight. When his best friend of labor Ecuador to write and urge him to play it safe on the attitude of political issues, his considerable personal risk, speak out, that fascism means war, peace must be armed to defend the appeal together with the American people to fight fascism.
for human progress in the course of fighting for the cause, Einstein has been concerned about the oppressed, enslaved country and people. he was opposed to the atrocities of fascist extermination of the Jews, to fight for the survival of the Jewish right to speak out. But he also opposed to narrow the Jewish nation doctrine, would like to see the Jews ; African Americans in this direction the efforts made by the firm, should be everyone's praise and support In the August 2, 1939 President Roosevelt proposed to the research in this area to write the letter, he did not know after the U.S. government secretly engaged in the manufacture of atomic bombs, some of Einstein in this work to his confidential friends , let him know about this. But when he made that Germany did not bomb, while the U.S. has made the atomic bomb, his heart was heavy and disturbed. He said that if he knew that Germany would not make a bomb, he not to wrote a book report U.S. citizen, said: aspects of human well-being. To Socialism? to solve this difficult social mm extreme political issues, given the political power and economic concentration of power, how will it be possible to prevent unlimited executive power and arrogance into it? How can the individual's rights are protected, while the executive power to ensure there is a balance of forces of democracy do? Princeton.
】 【anecdotes recorded
1895
Einstein truancy in the spring, Einstein has been 16 years old. under German law at that time, the boy only 17 years old before they can leave Germany before do not have to come back from military service. because of the abhorrence of militarism, together alone in the barracks-like secondary schools have been intolerable Louis Boulder, Einstein did not discuss with the parents to privately decided to leave Germany, to Italy with their parents.
but , to drop out, how will not get the diploma do? always honest, simple Einstein, so he actually came up with an organization that among the good ideas. He asked the mathematics teacher gave him the proof sheets, said he was in math Excellent, early to university level. and from where did you get a doctor familiar with a sick leave certificate, said he neurasthenia, need to go home resting. Einstein proved that these two, you can escape this disgusting place.
Who knows, he has not made an application, call the dean had him go to his corrupt class atmosphere, the reasons for not abiding by discipline expelled. Einstein blush, for whatever reason, leave it as long as secondary schools, he willingly, but also refused to take anything. He just did not implement their own come up with a cunning idea suddenly felt guilty, then every mention this, Einstein is guilt. about this kind of thing and His frank and sincere personality difference in incomes.
refused to become Israel's second president
1948 年 5 14, the State of Israel was born, but soon the surrounding Arab countries, Israel and the war broke out. has been settled in Albert Einstein more than a decade the United States to the media immediately declared: on November 9, an old friend of Einstein's first President Ezer Weizman of Israel died. The day before, there is the Israeli ambassador to the U.S. with Israeli Prime Minister conveyed to the Einstein. Gurion's letter, the official draw for love Stan candidate for President of the Republic of Israel. day later, a reporter called to the residence of Albert Einstein, Einstein asked: ; people. by you to serve as Israel's president, the great symbol of the Jewish people, could not be better. call from the Israeli ambassador. ambassador said: President, naturally, I understand that about people, I almost do not know about. I am such a person, how can serve as president? ask you to explain to the press, give me a solution siege. ; Professor, the late President Ezer Weizman is also a professor of it. you qualified. , every Jew around the world are expecting you to do! let them distress. Soon, Einstein made a statement in the newspaper, the official declined to become President of Israel. In Einstein's view, own words: Einstein's theory of relativity began to introduce to China, in particular through the British philosopher Bertrand Russell in 1920 to lecture in China, the Chinese academic community has left a deep impression. Einstein I look again and again projected to have an ancient and unfamiliar China, winter 1922, he was invited to Japan to give lectures, and from the way, after two in Shanghai, spent a total of three days, saw the suffering in China, and placed deep sympathy. He noted in the travel diary ; tragic image and more naive. but most of them are a heavy burden: the men and women have the wages of five cents a day every day, knocking stones. They seem to understand their fate moronic Debu terrible. working with, in the moaning, and is tenacious people, his social compassion is awakened again. He believes that this is the poorest nation on earth, they were brutally abused, they've been treated more than beasts of burden but also better. The first individual conversation Zhou Peiyuan said: