---- Hacker hacker war novel (on)

 Description of hacker War:
story takes place in May 1999, the U.S. bombing of embassy in Yugoslavia has caused the anger of people across the country. Just then, the Chinese hackers Chen Yonghao (in school), began to mobilize the Internet hacker attacks on the United States. Chinese hackers won the first battle, the United States after learning that hackers also immediately counterattack. Chen Yonghao a college in the United States to study, understand Japanese girls Mariko, the two fall in love, Mariko came to China to follow Chen Yonghao . Later, the confrontation with the U.S. hacker found that the leaders of the United States turned out to be hackers in the United States to study their good buddies when Jack, and Jack fell in love with Mariko.

the first story of Sino-US hacker wars Background: May 8, 1999, US-led NATO missiles with a five hit from different angles Chinese Embassy in Yugoslavia, killing three people died and 20 were injured, the embassy building was severely damaged. Xinhua News Agency reporter Shao Yunhuan , Guangming Daily reporter and his wife, Zhu Ying Xu Xinghu killed.
Chen Yonghao is a typical cynical, angry youth means that the angry young patriots.
Today is May 9, Chen Yonghao night did not sleep well last night , lying in bed, tossing and turning, my mind does not know what to think. When dawn when the light in the vast land of China, while other students are still sleeping in the bedroom, but he got up early. wash finished, to get from under the bed a pair of sports shoes, lace up your shoes set to the feet, toes Mao Zhaoyao paving out quietly closing door. I saw him flying into the stadium track, leap courageously taken vigorous steps, running for nearly ten circle around, that is about three kilometers down from the rest when it stopped. hypoxic after a long run is intolerable, Chen Yonghao tired out of breath, sweating profusely. He is called the doctrine of the University of students, the first two years in the United States have been studied in the University of Kentucky, came back to continue their education in the country studies. Chenyong Hao had a habit of encounters felt uneasy, and extremely depressed to go running at all times, perhaps the only way to help him vent inside psychological stress of anger.
Chen Yonghao After the run outside the school directly to the breakfast, finished back in the bedroom and saw the other three roommates still in bed, he crept in like a cat walked in, from the table took a book and a notebook under his arm and went out. walk the narrow road on the campus, went straight to the school computer center's computer room. took out a student card and the card to the administrator on the machine, then put on shoes sets of drilling equipment room.
great room, not many people on the Machine, Chen Yonghao found a corner near the innermost. This is a relatively safe area, because in the inside, its hard for other people doing on the computer discovery. huge room quiet, and only occasional access to the students to hear footsteps.
he front of the computer, log on ICQ (instant messaging software), see friends, say hello hit. that a number of Internet users. One of the earliest Chinese hacker organization mm key member of Green Corps, good at making computer virus, either in the domestic security of a computer forum Moderators. They both are known in that forum, and often carried out technical exchanges, as time goes by, the friendship gradually deepened.
students to the street protests organized brutality of the United States, you do not participate in the parade? said to be unscathed. Haha, it seems we both thought of a go, I get a few of the. so give it to you to see is the black sites, have all been replaced with home made my own page, above are some anti-American slogans.
strength of the two of us a bit thin, you know many people have online friends? more than some of his brothers, today we vote him severely dry to commemorate the bombing of the Chinese embassy in Yugoslavia died in the incident Three fellow! have suggested that we make a site now, just I have a free space. I think so, and the large downtown to downtown, I feel, we'd better put forward a site called l r how to Hacker Union of China ? to those of us gathered together, and then concentrate their firepower to destroy the U.S. network, so that they go to hell. . Although the content of the site is almost empty, but this does not affect the site visit. Moreover, still not satisfied, as if something is missing, missing it? Forum! Yes, put forward a Forum, the Forum was formerly called the BBS, translated into Chinese is the meaning of electronic bulletin boards. As technology advances and development, now change the name of the forum. Chenyong Hao asked him the forum template program? This is a main colors are dark gray interface, no pictures, plain text format, taking into account the many Chinese Internet users are a lot of 32K or 56K with the for China's current situation, and plain text content less space. the free space, add a link on the home page, and now has access to browse. Chenyong Hao staring at the screen, nodded with satisfaction, followed, soon to join them to the network. I saw him sometimes quick keyboard, sometimes a few mouse, and sometimes bow meditation, the sweat from his forehead was oozing clear that he can see a little nervous and excited.
in the computer industry, new people just getting started, that is, the computer did not understand Han, ignorant, or Luezhipimao people, the industry commonly known as said that so far he has recruited veterans who participate in the n-operatives. Chenyong Hao said, almost, you pay close attention to what the site is rich in content.
is such a group of feather boy who actually did an earth-shattering event, even the then U.S. President Bill Clinton are unexpected mm White House Web site was to the black flag flying home is, the initiator is Chen Yonghao.
was said to attack the United States site, Chen Yonghao naturally The thought of the famous White House Web site. in the browser's address bar enter adult sites? wrong, must be wrong, even for a moment, he found at the domain name wrong, just carelessness. Whenever government agencies, web site domain names are are a number of commercial sites. In his will left: Yin Kuang Snow that There are patriots during the initiative to keep adding to it, the team quickly and grow strong.
the final results to surprise bombing of a rough estimate more than three thousand United States of servers paralysis; to the United States sent a large number of important mail server spam, cause total paralysis of hundreds of mail server; altered dozens of commercial companies and government departments, Home; some of the vital sectors of data to delete a blank computer hh. all this, are carried out quietly in the silent, when the The United States is sleeping in the dark of the night, knew nothing about.
night has come, according to energy of the sun over the eastern hemisphere at the time, went to light the Western Hemisphere. ushered in a black day in China, the United States meet to day. When the morning sun shines in the United States gentle, sleeping people finally opened his bewildered eyes.
the first to discover it was a young programmer named Harrison, as usual, sleeping during the day, the evening of work. to midnight when the weary spirit to Internet chat rooms to stimulate the brain into the system, the accidental discovery can not even visit chat rooms. In looking for other chat rooms on the way, found that many sites can not be opened. So he continuous try to visit other websites landing, even happened to let him meet a familiar site and usually very different, no content on page, only one side of the red star flag, God, ah! how is this going?
in a little fear that After death, as computer professionals, Harrison realized that some U.S. websites were attacked, with a sensitive sense of smell, he quickly dialed the phone hh
media day, the U.S. mainstream media, Printing Printing is preparing to deliver newspapers, decided to temporarily change to a normal original headline news removed, the first time reported the attack from hackers, the title is Our Web site! The official website of the White House attack by unknown persons, the site home page is black, while a number of web pages are changed beyond recognition.
investigation showed that not all attacks are as a person, suspected to have a lot of hacking involved. Security experts said the behavior of Chinese hackers in retaliation for our government had in May 8 regarding the accidental bombing of Chinese Embassy in Yugoslavia. The reporters found that many were left black Chinese characters on the page, some are black Political slogans appear on the page.
responsible for monitoring the network, experts say the attacks from Chinese hackers last night started at around 8 specific. including the White House Web site, including, the other by the Chinese hacking Web site also includes commercial and government institutions.
According to the information service provider ISP, there are thousands of servers to lock down at the same time, some site's home page has also been tampered with. specific data is statistics. from the IP address of the attack were identified by security experts , all from the Pacific Ocean to China. These hackers nine o'clock last night to start their own servers to send large amounts of spam, in order to plug the Web site server bandwidth.
last updated by the journalist to sources, the White House website is now back to normal in the other sites are also being restored.
news though very short, but some are black with a screenshot of the site, quite a shocking. All of a sudden, the United States up and down, real or imagined, well known.
Chen Yonghao have a girlfriend, named Ariga, named Mariko, a Japanese, who lives in Japan, the famous port city of Kobe, mm, it is said this place has always been on the small, the above has an older brother, at home, parents are still alive.
saying that since few years ago, met while studying in the U.S. after Chen Yonghao to love at first sight in love with this Chinese guy. remember that it was in the school library, Mariko by finished the book, is preparing to go out. just happened to be caught in the books fell to the ground in the student ID, Chen Yonghao followed and found something dropped to the ground, to bend over to pick up. in his hand touched that of the student card, Also a hand over, and this is a girl-specific delicate hand. Chenyong Hao looked up, is simply a glimpse, I saw the other half just hanging black hair covered half of the cheek, only to see a watery eyes only just able to make people jump into the swimming.
the girl is Mariko, when she saw Chen Yonghao piercing eyes, the heart of hearts feel the feelings lie dormant for years sparks splendor, like chest Rabbit in the bounce loss of silly standing there. Chen Yonghao sedation, the active student ID card will be stuffed into her hand. Mariko thought the other also, and as the Japanese themselves, the opening in Japanese, said: ! They began a formal exchanges, frequent contact, Mariko duty-bound to like Chen Yonghao.
when Chen Yonghao after returning home, she just graduated from his heels, the ride came to China, admitted to the University for further studies in Chinese Mean . do a male monkeys all around the jealous envy, and Chen Yonghao Zeyi spread over the identity of the Scriptures: years old, eighteen-year-old girl at first glance just like normal. white skin, clear eyes, a pair of charming, cherry lips next to a grain size of the mole, a dark shawl hair leads people to Lianxiangxiyu, thin fancy a more lovely body. and Chen Yonghao with walk outside, she is used to arm arm, Yiwei beside him, and if hit by classmates or friends, will be They take liberties with some, but at this time maroon, red face rippling with a happy smile.
day, Chen Yonghao got into the engine room after the morning until the afternoon before coming out, so Mariko while easy to find. Mariko go to the classroom, no one. go to the bedroom, No one. library, and no one. later met his best friend Su Jun, a question, actually do not know. actually no, Mariko is to let him be out on my own shopping stroll. people are such psychology, the more things get, the more we want something. Mariko could not find Chen Yonghao more, the more they find, so she began a frantic search operations. When she was in school when the whole area of nets, just missing mm a corner room, which she anticipated, and had to be disappointed.
not find a boyfriend, Mariko listless and dragging feet from the playground down the teaching building of red brick wall ahead to the corner, rather abruptly and came across people who bump, the spot reflex cried, Chen Yonghao. the damn thing, already complaining of a stomach fire, coupled with the impact by strangers, ready to spray to an undetermined origin. tomato-like cheeks are ready to attack Qi Gugu's, when you see that Chen Yonghao, tears even can not help but fall in the cement floor, suddenly threw himself into his arms. Gaode Chen Yonghao silly standing there on the spot, rash in a daze, thinking this is how, and did not make her ah.
this time, I saw Mariko stretched out his right hand, he thought his fight it, which know Mariko pulled his right hand left hand: Then Chen Yonghao the network just before the battle from the pressure of cross God, Lianxiangxiyu said: br> Mariko nodded, took an instant can not find a morning to find something to forget, can not wait to arm his arm: ; Who? Mariko studying in the U.S. has not met when the two of them to know. Jack also like maroon, maroon, but not that good impression on him, which made him very disappointed. Jack and Chen Yonghao in computers like-minded, have a common topic, it is also friendships through this layer, Jack met maroon, has since branched out of the chase, until now Mariko follow Chen Yonghao to China, he did not give up the dream.
This allows Chen Yonghao surprised, I thought this kid really amazing perseverance, have for years, but also desperately hold, it seems ill intent, ah, pay close attention to Mariko's small hand and asked: Mariko see him a bit agitated, Qieqie said: jump, I thought he really had the courage to catch up with China to do, when I let that kid in the United States has lost hope, how to hold onto now chasing this. You've got him on the back is not removed from the friend in you ? still ah, you did not tell him you're with me, right? But he already knows, he and like you, are the computer expert. Mariko took the hand go straight downstairs to the student dormitory, the students met bumban Wu Guoyi. Wuguo Yi is the Institute of Health's Vice President, usually do anything they want in class, great organizational skills. because of his pronunciation of the name fast point and it sounds a bit like a He felt students did a good man, snobbish death, see This class students is :
the bombing of our embassy in Yugoslavia, not to the whole class boys to you and find you can not find people to go where I thought of it, the original work is and flower girl. There, in addition to the school, the other ten to colleges and universities are also unified action, the United took to the streets to protest demonstrations, you do not see how expanding the scene today, a sea of people, ah, big scenes. compliment the words. peacetime Wu Guoyi long since lost patience, he blankly indifferent to the rejection of the sentence: : shouted the patriotic mouth usually active than anyone else to really give scared get on the ground, what a coward. together to anger teeth itch, are eating grapes does not want to eat the kind of people.
Three days later,
Ladies and gentlemen, in the evening of 9, my home was the site of many black, a lot of junk data server is blocked to stop working. What one would dare so bold? is hacking! is what people acted so arrogant? is Chinese hackers! since the newspaper first time in 9 reported the first edition of the depth of the Internet in China Chinese hackers attacked the news, causing strong concern of its citizens, and we are very excited, but also feeling very, very sorry. exciting is our reported that aroused our attention, unfortunately, so far, we did not fight back hackers, but hackers are still attacking Chinese with our site and servers. because a strong appeal to our newspaper hackers, brave stand , God created for us to defend the motherland. countries need you, want you to participate in this virtual world to the battle, the East China from a strong counterattack and protect the sanctity of the network of the motherland.
into China's network systems. Xuyu Jian, China's Internet smoke, thousands of servers completely paralyzed, several IT Home is changed beyond recognition, destruction of internal data to make space.
learned the news, Chen Yonghao attending classes , hanging at the waist BP machine vibration, and down look, a message: urgent, on-line for you, knife.
news is that hunch, a premonition about what great things happen. there is no way on the course, he will throw the book gently seat next to Su Jun, conspire near to biting the ear: , first go out. writing on the effort, Mao Zhaoyao paving the toe quietly slipped out the back door.
discovered he went to the room and the student ID card on the machine forgot to bring, and hurried to the bedroom to get it. to to the network room, stuffing machines in sit down, the Internet. this broken machine, the system slowly, Ye Hao slower speed today, such as snail-like, long time no response. started, log on ICQ, on the line, Snow drink Blade ; Snow Blade drink, ; look at this site,
Chen Yonghao replied: , shows a black background is shown on pages with white letters, with only very brief passage:
Action network attacks, let us tell you one thing, do not try to play this game with us. mm dead cow worship , In fact, many American hackers, but the technology is only so called first-class one or two cows died of worship has been a leader in the circle, and its big brother status so far no one can. Just last year, also in 1998 of May, dead cow worship hackers posted online effort to their organization produced a heavyweight hacking software mmBackOrifice, and very generous with the source code release. This is a specialist in someone else's computer to open a back door, so to control the other computer's purpose and function is very powerful. which has a very unique feature is that the other side of the screen can be displayed on the screen, a button you can rotate through 180 degrees upside down over a bad heart If patients experience this luck, I thought the day hit a ghost. This software set off a global computer network security issues, and greatly promote the number of users is to use the software for hacking career started first love. Just then, from both the birth of the virus across the CHI and large-scale attacks, resulting in the limelight this BackOrifice software initiator of the whole virus by CHI Ying Hao Cheng grab go. In BackOrifice fledgling Internet users in China developed their own do not go well with rice, could not sleep, unable to get online, everywhere for help! spread rapidly on the Internet, was friends known joke.
year, Chen Yonghao University of Kentucky in the United States to study, when the organization had heard that there are only heard and seen the man, further strengthened his sense of mystery to the organization. That year the school is held in a computer programming contest, as long as our students can participate, Chen Yonghao fame in that contest, quite a year Kuan Kung's legacy, over five hurdles, took first place, became the contest's winner. It was at that game, he knew the contest runner-up Jack, and good friends ever since.
This is a American guy from California, a bit slim, 1.9-meter height. Chen Yonghao do not understand why he has the ear, nose and other places are perforated, and then put a small silver hoop, and then wrapped in a piece of did not wash the jeans a month to go in the street people. looks like in computers simply do not, nor will he and the leaders of the famous hacker groups linked together.
Chen Yonghao love with him Programming technology, with every few days to learn from. And Jack is also on this impressive young man from Asia, talk very speculative. The two young men together to talk about anything, from computer talk to the school, talk to the community, chat to democracy, and talk to the patriotic, and even how to talk to Paoniu.
a time, Jack Chen Yonghao invited guest to his residence, Chen Yonghao to Jack's room to enjoy playing on his computer. Jack's a bit different computer with other people His operating system is modified according to their own habits had inside of stories that changed beyond recognition. But Jack likes things to computer encryption, Chen Yonghao look at this also can not read, not a use that is also used, under the anger to began to find ways to eliminate these see that it was too late to stop. Jack would really frank, outspoken tells him he is dead cattle and the leaders of the core members worship. They the organization throughout the country, some of each other, know each other, are in line contact. To want to get into this organization is not an easy task, first of all to like-minded for the job but also personality and habits have come together, the last point is not outspoken, conservative organizations millions of confidentiality to do everything rotten in the stomach. Jack and Chen Yonghao live a long time, it is to know him personally, want to pull his occupation, and Chen Yonghao has promised to attend, but there was an unexpected thing is being full all the other members against the United States, and even Jack are powerless Anyway, it is not dry into the occupation.
now sitting in the school room in front of the computer Chen Yonghao, looked at the dead cow worship hackers is to hack a Web page, my mind immediately thought that was him, turned out to be him. really Yuanjialuzhai , hide all escape, just the day before yesterday said that he also heard Mariko, a few years gone, can not think and hit at the line, it seems a battle is inevitable.
ICQ icon to see on the computer kept flashing, quickly clicking with the mouse, the original What the kid in the ah? not answer such a long time. U.S. hackers dry, I know them. thing. ; is the case, I will travel tomorrow hh ; grind ah, this time going to a place far away, a small country in Africa, Jiaosha name I really forget, so hard to remember a name. boss soldiers on poor person will be the passport is being processed. tomorrow head office to go to Shenzhen for a few simple preparations. that the ongoing construction of infrastructure of African countries, G mobile network base station, our company won the tender. > The building has become increasingly saturated, their companies had adjusted to the market sensitive G mobile network construction. not only in the country to make a good reputation, and will expand into foreign countries. The African works, that is, their company the first attempt in the overseas.
Chen Yonghao know people in the arena, Shenbuyouyi, this is a foregone conclusion, can not retain, no choice but to say: Africa is now a group of cannibal tribes. ; I'm going, the Web page you'll find someone else to do it, anyway, I'm not. Well, today, the Yankees have begun a counterattack, personally I really want to give them a lesson. this glorious task to me. There are many new posts, you have to use this forum to do some promotional work. dedicated to unite forces to overthrow the United States devils and black out their networks, in order to avenge the dead compatriots, for the country indomitable in the end the dignity and glory. I know this operation is significant, difficult, saying start of both the next to see you all. Do not let me down, do not let the world down the Chinese to let the gang know asshole make things to hurt others must pay a heavy price. I told you last name. Brother, I still do not ...

Data and Research United States the situation of Qing Dynasty

 Qing of China Studies in the United States plays an important role, the author at Harvard University during the visit, China's leading universities throughout the United States had learning institutions, information and research status of the field trips, and audience with relevant scholars and experts. Now According to the author of the understanding of the situation, the relevant documents, files and web resources, data collection and research Qing United States an overview of the situation.
Qing study is very well developed in the U.S., I can understand that the situation is still very limited, so ill, hope Fang correction.
(1) Harvard-Yenching Library Collection and Harvard University, the University of Qing Niu Yinlun region of
at Harvard University, the main library collection of information is the Qing Harvard-Yenching Library. cut in June 1999 statistics, the Harvard-Yenching Library (hereinafter referred to as Yanjing) possession of more than 947,000 books, books, 535,000 volumes of books which Hanwen .50 million copies of books in the Han Wen, 200,000 is the ancient texts, including the Song, Yuan, Ming edition of more than 1,500 species, more than 20,000 volumes; Qing Qianlong edition to more than 2,000 species, about 20,000 copies; manuscripts (including script) l, 200 species, more than 4,500 volumes; original chronicles 3,525 species, about 35,000 volumes; Series 1,400 species, about 60,000 copies. Yenching collection of the script, copy the quantity and quality, both in the United States champion. not inscribed over a number of important manuscript, such as Ding-chang of the Code, . less. full of text books in the There were printed in 1700, 1732 and 1933 the classic literature. Mongolian books, there are 1724 number of printed literature in Beijing. There Yunnan Naxi manuscripts 598. The Naxi literature order books have been tied. Libraries in the Qing Dynasty in Beijing basically completed the collation of texts.
Qing of Harvard University is an important base for the United States, and its research can be traced back to Qing Fairbank (Fairbank, John
King). Fairbank served from 1930 to China's Tsinghua University, Beijing University of Chinese history, Ph.D., University of Oxford in 1936. Ph.D. thesis, The earliest use of the Forbidden City is a foreigner files research framework. He and Deng Si-Yu and other scholars cooperation, compiled in the Qing Dynasty literature series of readings. which, with Deng Si-Yu, eds, influence the formation of the emphasis on Western Center on the Qing important forerunner of Harvard, Fairbank train a research team. Harvard Department of History and Political
Schwartz (Benjamin Schwartz) While the main Communist Party of China and the history of ideas, but in the Qing study, also with impressive results. Fu of his monograph on the file, he opened in 1951 on Chinese Modern History Course. Schwartz is a distinguished educator, he trained many students, and later became the United States and the world have a major impact of Qing authority of experts and modern Chinese history. Qing study at Harvard history, Fletcher (Joseph Jr.Fletcher) professor is also very critical of scholars, he studied the history of relations between China and Central Asia. Fletcher is the one. which . he published a paper Archives has a collection of his unpublished manuscript of the important academic.
Qing on the Harvard study, we have special reference to Kuhn (Philip A. Kuhn) and Cohen (Paul A. Cohen) two professors. They belong to the same second-generation Chinese American scientist. Kuhn academic works are historical development of the reasons, should go to China within the society to be found. is the book shows the Western Modern Chinese History Studies of the new trend. Books by the Asia Society in 2002 Levenson Book Award. Kuhn also published a Chinese Immigrants entitled academic report. In Kuhn seems to leave the issue of immigration at home and abroad, it is difficult to understand the economic development of the late Qing and modern. studies in the modern history of China and the Qing, the Cohen's academic influence and matched Kuhn. Cohen is the Fairbank Center at Harvard University researcher, is professor of history at Wells College. He is the author of academic books are distressed state and Christianity: Missionary Movement and the development of xenophobia (1860mm1870) On the impact of the West, Fairbank 1997 American Historical Association Award. Recently, Cohen is the Chinese concerned about the ideology of the .1965 year, Cohen was a young scholar, when Schwartz had predicted their academic future that Cohen has mastered the exact history and some very difficult areas of academic research methods. He always paid attention to some macro issues, observed problem conception is high. All of these qualities can be seen in his writings, will continue to be found in the outcome of his future.
Chinese scientists on Niu Yinlun region, also referred to Pamela. Cross out (Pamela K. Crossley), Professor. She worked at Dart, Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, Department of History, mainly for the History of Modern China and Central Asia. Her academic works are Empire, the concept of state institutions and the relationship between the year 2001, the U.S. Asia Society's Levenson. her other books, participated in by the Department of History, Princeton University, Williard J. Peterson (Willard J. Peterson) led by Professor editor of the Dart Dartmouth College in the United States prestigious 2003 America's best colleges and universities into the top ten.
(2) Cornell University, Yale, Columbia to Columbia University, Princeton University East Asian Library Eastern Qing History Museum and the United States
Cornell University Library is the Western world, Asia's first East Asian Library is one of the major collections in East Asia which is the alumni
Watson (Charies W. Wason) donation, the information very rich. collection mainly consists of two parts: First, the study on Western China, including dozens of press information; first collection of Chinese classics, including Dunhuang literature. Others include the relevant manuscripts, photographs, maps, documents and so on. As Hu was here to study, so there are still some of his information, including the collection of considerable number of the Qing Dynasty official correspondence. Watson Pavilion Curator Han Tao (Thomas H. Hahn) from Germany, served as a visiting scholar at Fudan University in China, information is very skilled on the Han, the main research library science, information science, religion in China, Chinese history and geography. Watson Museum information is in his efforts to develop in the direction of data.
Qing Cornell University on the research, the two scholars mentioned here mainly. First Chinese Studies, Cornell University is the founder of Bi
de (Knight Biggerstaff ) Professor .1929 m1932-year Harvard-Yenching Institute graduate on China, 1944m1945 on the U.S. State Department China expert. Arsenal's education and training, and Fuzhou Naval Academy. is the book's foreword stresses, for the study of this topic, you can fill the knowledge of Chinese modern knowledge and understanding of the vacancy. Cornell University, and Qing, another research-related experts Department of History of the Cochran (Sherman Cochran) professor. He is a professor Binai De successor as Cornell University for many years the director of Department of History. Cochran main economic and business in modern China, and to the direction of the characteristics of a Cornell University research project . His academic works are and so on. His new book made a number of important academic point of view, which on the face of foreign investors to China's social hierarchy and personal relationships challenging point of view, is considered to be characteristic of Western scholars, business and the law of the East to explore the important results. Yale University Collection
very early Chinese documents. possession of the first collection in 1878, presented by the Department of the Qing Dynasty Yung Wing, a total of 1,280 books, 40. Before long, Yale University, presented the Qing court also received the 5,040 copies. Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, East Asian Library at Yale University Information, The Chinese University of Hong Kong and historian Prof Jane donated a total of 320, 640. Mr. Chien was the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom also donated money and chop. I visited, we found that these documents classification on the tray, well preserved. Yale Harvard Books apparently did not so much books, but to buy the mainland, many Taiwan Qing copy of his full-time researchers to provide a great convenience. Yale data of China is an important feature is the collection of a group of missionaries, including 300 who went to the activities of missionaries in China's manuscripts, diaries, letters, photographs, reports, papers, books, maps. This information is named , sponsored by the National Christian Council organizations, of which a considerable portion of information on historical events involving the Qing Dynasty. Yale University, there are a number of research materials on Tibet, including manuscripts, as well as the writings of some famous monks and information on hundreds of volumes. In addition, there If the charts in ancient China.
Yale University is beginning the first Chinese issues of teaching and research university .1876 began teaching at Yale University
missionary Samuel Wells Williams (Samuel Wells Williams), established here the first Department of Chinese Studies. On Williams early in the 19th century, 40 years on the Author of Age. . outside the book, and laid her studies in the United States the academic status of the Qing. She believes that the Like Spence (Jonathan D. Spence) of the Ming and Qing such influential people. In the history of the Yale school, Shi's name and the row with former U.S. President Bill Clinton, as the distinguished Yale. Spence's many writings, there are (Beatrics S. Bartlett), the main documents and files into the fJ Qing study also involved the 20th Century Chinese history, Chinese historiography, the history of overseas Chinese. is studying the issue of position with the official historical documents more than 200,000. Columbia University, the ancient Chinese literature, the collection chronicles is more prominent, more than 1,600 species, 17,000 volumes; genealogy 1,041 species, 10,000 copies. on the history, geography, biography, genealogy books are rich in literature Many, if available. In addition there are Tibetan, Manchu, Mongolian academic information and various magazines and periodicals.
Chinese Studies at Columbia University has a strong academic team. XIA (Fridrich Hirth), Carter (Thomas Francis Carter), Fu Road Special (LCGoodrich), Wei Muting (Wilbur C. Martin), de Bary (Wm.Theodore de Bary), are important influential scholars, but to study the pre-Qin Han Dynasty, the ancient history of ideas, contemporary scholars mostly on China. In the study of missionaries, the former director of the Institute of East Asia Lindbeck (John MJLindbeck) professor who wrote 1984). Lindbeck father was preacher, his father since childhood living in China. Kele Bo (O. Edmund Clubb) study the history of Sino-Russian relations, and his works include Qing present research at Columbia University who has achieved, there has Xiaoping (Madeleine Zelin) and other experts. ZENG Xiaoping is a history professor and former director of the East Asian Institute, Columbia University, U.S. Department of Education National Resource Center East Asia. The main modern China social and economic history of early modern China, the Chinese legal history, comparative and foreign law, with a Some Thoughts Lancaster Library,
1937 years all go to Princeton University. Ge Site Library has a collection of some 100,000 volumes Han Wen, a printed edition of Song 7, 2,88 more than books, printed edition tomorrow l, 10 种24,000 volumes. which medical books 500 species of l, 700 books, chess and chess 500. scholar Wang Zhongmin author of , is its collection of Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Qing bibliographic nearly 2,800 rare books department. Ge Site are the total number of library collections more than 300,000 copies. Hu Ge Site has written about the situation in the Library article on the Museum conditions are detailed within the book, especially emphasis on the content of the Qing Dynasty.
Ancient History at Princeton University in China has lots of power. In the history of Chinese thought, the prominent British researchers is when I
( Yu Yingshih) professor. his important research on the Ming and Qing works include China's trade and expansion of the Han Dynasty promote change is also the issue of China's Qing Dynasty and modern experts. She graduated from Yale University and is currently Head of the Department of East Asia at Princeton University. main Qing Dynasty, with the 1976), and so on. Professor Han Shurui said she always wanted to study villages, peasants, popular culture, but also want to study in Beijing, revealed the change in the city during the Ming and Qing.
Here it is necessary to talk about her and Rawski (Eveiyn Sakakida Rawski) professor who co-edited the 8th century Chinese society, the Chinese economic history and social history. with a a, 1985), impact. and many historians, as Rawski aware of etiquette and bureaucratic system is closely related to the study of etiquette will help the Chinese bureaucracy.
(3) University of Chicago, University of Michigan, University of Wisconsin, the East Asian Library Museum of the United States in the Eastern Qing
East Asian Library, University of Chicago set up not long ago, but the number of the Qing Dynasty literature. the museum was built in 1936, when the school began teaching .1943 acquisition of the Chinese scholar of labor costs in Germany Seoul (Berthold Laufer) to the Chinese and Japanese, Manchu, Mongolian, Tibetan books, ZI, 000 copies. is now the museum collection reached 530,000 volumes, including over 340,000 volumes of books Hanwen, including the Yuan, Ming and more than 500 kinds of printed edition, 15,000 copies ; early Qing Dynasty Emperor Qianlong printed edition to more than 500 species, more than 7,000 books, as well as chronicles 2,700 species, more than 600 books and so on. information about the Qing Dynasty, a number of valuable manuscripts were as Wen Tingshi 1969 Dahua Printing House of China in Taiwan, Set sequel, History foundation is still solid. University of Chicago has emerged as Bingdi (Ho Piflg-ti) such influential Chinese scholar. Bingdi Qing research works are years), and resources caused by conflicts between the confusion, given the historical development of China's many new features. After the book on China's social mobility and thus reflect the population trends and economic factors that made an incisive analysis of change. These results inspired the Chinese American History China scholars in-depth understanding of the internal re Chinese history, the United States, the and role, but really between the middle of the power of the state and society should be the culture. Duara is Schwartz's students, in October 1988, Schwartz in a letter to academia praised Duara. he wrote : Culture, Power and the State, 1900m1942 the North Country 1990, the U.S. Asia Society Levenson In 1995, Duara has published a new book As of July 2002, according to the statistics, the school has 640,659 books, of which there are 351,240 volumes of Chinese instruments, there are 29,563 microfilm film is Chinese were, as well as 24,115 pieces single Hanwen film. University of Michigan Center for Contemporary China Chinese studies as the main object of their data centers in China (China Data Center) is very famous universities in the United States, the goal is to build a research and understanding of China, with advanced nature of the information website. University of Michigan hope to make use of geographic information system Web site General Chinese history, society and natural science data, space and time all the relevant information preserved well. They want the work site of the disciplines that contribute to the use of information resources. to determine the mission of the center include: support for local , regional and global changes of human and natural conditions; to promote the study of quantitative analysis of China's problems; of promoting cooperation in space research; to promote teaching and research on China's information-sharing and so on. They stressed that China and the world with various universities, research The cooperation and common development; adjustment unite in distributed work, the formation of standardization, the file and integration of the database.
Qing University of Michigan study of several influential experts. former director of the University of Michigan fee-dimensional moderately China (Alburt Feuerker) professor is one of them. he studied modern Chinese economy, with a l8 century state and society in China: the heyday of the Qing Dynasty Traditional thinking does not change, the response of the West is no result. As a result, he is also the process of modernization and Japan to do a comparative study. fee-dimensional cut is also engaged in research into the history of Chinese history, the main study of Chinese Marxist historiography, which the University of Michigan study of the history of China Dr. culture points. Stuart Lynn (Lynn A. Struve) is a graduate of the University of Michigan Ph.D. 1974, now professor of history at Indiana University. year's PhD thesis was titled Chinese Society: History of the Southern Ming Dynasty. Change , 1845m1945 She tried to explain from an environmental point of view of ecology and the Red Spears Nien. Perry is considered the third generation of Chinese scientists in the United States most accomplished representatives. taught at the University of Michigan Department of History, James. in (James Lee), Professor Qing is an expert, the main research Qing Dynasty, modern China, comparative demography and sociology of comparative population and social science. Qing research works are 1991).
the East Asian Library University of Wisconsin also has some information on East Asian history. Among them, the Special Collections Department has a number of ancient Tibet and Mongolia
document of the moment, a total of 549, involving 350 subjects, including 50 Tibetan manuscripts, 125 engraved in Mongolia, mainly was the prayer and religious ceremonies. the museum there are a number of early Chinese newspapers on microfilm, Chinese local and Buddhist books. collection of the Department of the Qing Dynasty are also some books, and the other a part of Sun Yat-sen ink. aspects of Chinese Studies, University of Wisconsin influential scholars Yu-sheng (Lin Yusheng), the main study of Chinese intellectual history, social history and the Confucian Chinese issues.
(4) Stanford University, the University of Washington, Seattle, South University of California, the East Asian Library and the University of Hawaii, Stanford University
Qing study data focused on the East Asian Library East Asian collections in the Hoover Library, mainly Chinese and Japanese sides
surface data. Because the total Stanford University research interests are in contemporary China, the Qing, or not much of modern literature. But there are some
archive of the mainland and Taiwan, such as the 1911 poster and other information. museum collection of the Kangxi reign of the County, (1966), which is an international academic historians of the Qing Zhang's earlier study of books. Philosophy Professor Shi Shi Youzhong (Vincent YGShih) published influential Chinese scientist is Ramon H. Myers (Ramon H. Myer). He is an expert on economic history, was the United States and Shandong's agricultural development, 1890m1949 Economic Development . Skinner anthropologists, mainly the history of Ming and Qing Dynasties of China. He used an interdisciplinary approach, developed its own set of observations a theoretical model of economic development in China mm more complete, in the United States and Western China scholars have considerable academic influence. Skinner to promote the American Perception of China urban history research, and the American Chinese scholars interdisciplinary research active advocate. Early in the last century, the early 60s, he called for the introduction of the social scientific study of Chinese science, he ...

What about economics and why (b)

 Third, why economics can be knowledge to make money, not economics, we learn Shakespeare's Shylock, calculated only know that people all day long. not. You have to tell other professional students, who see an economics do not be afraid. we learned the economy science, a very wide range, we speak of efficiency, it is the premise of a given target efficiency is the primary goal of identifying the problem. Therefore, we studied economics, should know how to love and know how emotional and more know how to romance. because we understand the true meaning of efficiency, we should do in these situations better than others. In short, the scope of economics, as I just said, and people on almost all of these behaviors can include inside. Economics is about choice behavior of human knowledge, first of all, love is a choice of course, we all know that Beethoven had a famous poem: . , religious, ah, ah law, which can be used to analyze economics.
this tendency, in fact, 60 years from the last century began, that is, we just talk to Becker as a representative of a group of economics home where to start, and now has more to gain acceptance of the In 1992, Becker won the Nobel Economics Prize, the Nobel Prize in Economics two years ago and awarded to the behavioral economists Daniel Kahneman and Vernon L. Smith. these I personally think that the future development represents the cutting edge of economics in one direction. Some people called this evidence of now penetrated into traditional areas of other disciplines. obviously could have been the object of study of moral ethics, economics have to study; of love, could have been something of psychology, economics have to insert hand. the laws, have to insert in economics. I personally believe that the imperialist tendencies of economics is there. but it exists, is not to say economists or economic ambitions, but that with the economics of their own logic and we just to be separated from the definition of economics. Economics is the study of the efficiency of science, starting from the efficiency and economics of all aspects of human behavior can be can be involved. Today, I talk about the third question, that is, we need to give talk say, why economics can become convincing, so that people can believe you. in many areas of social sciences, economics is the inviolate status has been set up. For example, in legal circles, starting from Posner to establish a ; since the economic analysis is already present jurisprudence, jurisprudence, the basic idea of the analysis, the law is to consider its efficiency, the efficiency of the legislation how efficient the implementation of the law where? If a law of social development is not efficient, the existence of this law into question. In legal circles, the status of economic analysis has been firmly established again. In other areas, the economics of ideas has gradually been accepted. of course In many places, economic analysis has also been the traditional disciplines of the boycott. It was always complaining about: how you so overbearing ah Economics. However, I think, economic imperialism, why? Economics Why can so invincible it? The key is economics is the study of efficiency. So why can study the efficiency of so many areas of social sciences produce such results? on this issue, I am going to tell you a few.
First, life the nature of existence is the efficiency. we all know, the Way of the world of sports. The world that is inorganic world. inorganic world movement is a process of energy release. We all know that, according to the Big Bang theory, the energy build up in later, there is a natural release process. With the constant release of energy, heat death tells us that the whole universe will slowly cool and eventually the doldrums. This is the Heat Death of images depicting the inorganic world, as the temperature declining, increasing entropy. This is the process of the physical world, then what is the process of life? not the same as the process of life, life is movement there is, of course, but life movement, attention, and it and the inorganic world, the movement, on the contrary . life movement, we must first have an energy aggregation process, life if you do not replenish their energy, and how can I exercise? There are many theories, including self-organization theory, including the super-cycle and open systems theory, these theories, the study The results have put forward a concept of negative entropy. life course, is the Heat Death of the world and inorganic phase reverse process of the movement. the physical world is gradually from the original non-organized organization, entropy is constantly increasing. and the life course, something no organization can become organized, so that the negative entropy increase. The two happen to be action and reaction, if not two poles of this contradiction, the universe itself would not exist. So we see, and life movement First, the aggregation process have an energy, then there is an energy consumption process. Given the aggregation process and the energy consumption of the process, everyone can imagine, this is the physical world from the beginning of a given energy consumption, to completely the same, can not compare. This means that when it comes to the essence of life, the movement of life, and there would certainly have an efficiency. How aggregation energy of life? together how to effectively use the energy to go out? These have an efficiency problems. Therefore, the essence of life is inseparable from efficiency. on all aspects of life, we were able to get the efficiency of the shadow.
second point, I must say that the nature of the evolution of life is also efficient. We are all that Darwin's theory of evolution. Darwin's theory of evolution say that evolution is natural selection. I now have a new view on this. In economics, there is a cutting-edge discipline, called the evolution of economics or evolutionary economics is the theory of evolution and economics together. I have concluded on the evolutionary economics a basic law. This most basic laws? That is to say: evolution is the choice of environment on the efficiency. Darwin talk about a natural choice, but, naturally What choose? Darwin did not say. I now give the evolution of the first law of economics is that evolution is the choice of environment on the efficiency. What choice? choice is not aimless dropped in, select the first step is to a mutation, that is, people may have this behavior, it may not have this behavior. As we said earlier, the initial behavior of some people, such as men's efforts to reach Ye Hao, Ye Hao single-mindedness, which are may be accidental, but the coincidence is necessary for the evolution. The key is efficiency. reproductive ability, reproductive characteristics of the high rate of human behavior, to be selected out, because of surface step by step to start to spread further. Therefore, the so-called natural selection, the choice of the so-called environment of efficiency, is an efficient, high fitness behavior patterns gradually spread process. I do not cite here the example of economics to give an example of a purely biological, This example show that we are talking about the importance of efficiency in biology. we all know, we can now see that the vast majority of biological, including human is aerobic respiration. Our people, including more than 99% of the biological, have no means to leave the oxygen to survive. But is it biological from the start so? actually 40 billion years ago, when life has just created the earth, all creatures are anaerobic, in fact, the atmosphere at that time also there is no oxygen. anaerobic organisms, it is energy conservation, energy transformation is accomplished through fermentation, that is, the process by fermentation of glucose can be converted into ATP, ATP is stored, including humans, the energy of a biological cell . We have to note that one mole of glucose by anaerobic respiration, through fermentation, turned-ATP, only two. energy efficiency only about 3% efficiency is very low. On the other hand, a If Moore is through oxidation of glucose to generate ATP, it can produce 36 ATP. 18 times difference in efficiency between the two. suppose that in an environment under the same, and now there is a biological, the same use of glucose, but it is aerobic respiration, and that its efficiency is improved 18 times, no doubt, in the given conditions, it is definitely higher reproductive rate. This is what we see today, the overwhelming majority of aerobic biological biological reasons. and anaerobic respiration anaerobic organisms, it may in the long process of evolution has long been eliminated. Of course, this does not mean that biology is now completely free of oxygen, and in very harsh environments, such as In the depths of the ocean, bottom of the glacier, where almost no oxygen, there may be some of the anaerobic biological existence. But as long as there is a place of oxygen, most of them are aerobic creatures.
that is efficient to stay under a trace, which is the environment on the efficiency of selection. just in terms of this example is from the bio, in fact, if we human beings is concerned, as well. the human behavior of today's many features, including just about the emotional characteristics, including the person's sense of morality, and so many philosophies, ethics seem mysterious things, in fact, long-term biological evolution is a useful process, the competition is very efficient thing. such as morality, Today, no time to start speaking out, we can see on my site, with lots of this article.
moral of this thing, the key is what? critical is the need for cooperation between people. We know that people If you are starting from their own reason, everyone is thinking only of their own reason, cooperation is often not successful. If you study game theory, you know, modern game theory, among them, a very famous model, called the prisoner difficulties. Although this model prisoner named, but it has a very typical modern life meaning. Prisoner's Dilemma model is about two prisoners, was captured and was imprisoned separately, the situation they face is this: for any prisoners, if the other prisoners confess, but he did not confess they deny, due to Frankly, the two people are in prison for 2 years. If another prisoner denied, and his own confession, then he can be released immediately, and the other prisoners in jail for 10 years; denied if another prisoner, he also denied, then the inability to convicted, the two only by the light punishment, the prison for 3 months. Prisoner's Dilemma in the social sciences, especially in economics, which has very important implications. First of all economics assumes that people are rational and pursue their own utility maximization, maximize their own interests, but in the pursuit of maximizing their own utility in the process to the emergence of a problem. you most when pursuing their own interests, of course, you want the best people do not confess, no two people things, but now the problem is that you are a separate prison, the information not pass, if I insist on not confess, but confessed to each other but all of a sudden, I can pour a large mold, and I want to sit 10 years in prison, the other is can be released immediately, this is a great temptation on the other side. Game Theory is to tell us that in this game, Nash equilibrium is two people to confess. should also be said that from rationality, the optimal strategy for each person are is, whether the other party is honest or not honest, be honest themselves. you first confess frankly if the other party, then we are the same, subject to some minor punishment; If the person is a fool, you first confessed to the other party is not honest , you've got a great deal.
the game theory model, we put it deep into the social life, in fact, how the study of human cooperation. two people cooperate or not cooperate? If you are very pious, a sincere expression of the entire mind, to make many sacrifices, and I ride, I do not make any effort, I sit back and enjoy. This way, your loss is particularly large, but I was able to take advantage of in the middle. It is a situation. There is another situation, I know I worked out you could take advantage of me, then simply we do not cooperate. you know, in the Prisoner's Dilemma in the same situation which, if we cooperate, the overall situation of our improvement great benefits. But game theory tells us, from individual rationality, the two sides cooperate, is a Nash equilibrium. game theory put forward substantial evidence, are that deal with such situations, rational choice is all uncooperative. The prisoner's dilemma model of the challenges of economics where? we all know, there are several assumptions of economics, one of them, has repeatedly talked about earlier, is the assumption that rational people, who are seeking to maximize their own utility. There is another assumption that Pareto efficiency. means that there is a better position than the former situation, then this is a Pareto improvement, which is efficient. But you have not seen in prisoners difficulties among the economics of these two assumptions have inevitably fallen into full conflict. we are from a rational point of view, the pursuit of its biggest utility, according to Nash equilibrium and concluded that the two sides cooperate. However, we are know that if we cooperate, the result is much better than the two sides cooperate. So why not cooperate? The key is if you cooperate, the other co-operative how to do? rational people seek to maximize their own interests, your cooperation I'll cooperate, I can account for a large cheap. this way, who dare not cooperate. So, in the prisoner's dilemma among the model, the two assumptions of economics, namely rational assumptions and Pareto efficiency assumes complete conflict up. from individual rationality, not two people derive Pareto optimal.
I am the last three to four years to study this problem. At first, I spent a lot of mathematical methods, trying to overthrow of the Nash equilibrium. is not there another solution? but it takes a lot a lot of effort, there is no way to be successful. last couple of years, I have a new idea. in accordance with the famous German philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein's argument, Among the world is no longer the world, and in the outside world. I realize that requires the cooperation of the prisoner's dilemma solution, it is possible prisoner's dilemma which is not the solution, while outside in the prisoner's dilemma. In comprehend this idea, I find a way to solve the Prisoner's Dilemma. I was up from the common sense to consider the prisoner's dilemma, if have a solution, then there are two prerequisites needed. The first precondition is that when I want and the other co-operation, I After knowing each other will pit me, I still hesitate to cooperate with him. This is the first step to go. If you care about in there: I have worked together, you might pit me, I do not work with you, and that is never cooperation is not up, then back to the original that the Nash equilibrium, and non-cooperation is non-cooperation. First of all who dare to have a cooperative, even though I know you want to hurt me, I still have to hesitate to come and work with you. Nobel Peace Prize winner Mother Theresa once said, step. The second step, in order to break the prisoner's dilemma in the second step is to cooperate when the other person has said, and I knew if I cooperate, I can get a great return, I dare to reject this temptation, and resolutely cooperate with him. Yes, the only two conditions are met, we can cooperate. just from a rational perspective, it can not cooperate.
That is to say, to break the prisoner's dilemma, one must have a feeling . this feeling is, in fact, that we speak for thousands of years of love, kindness, compassion, conscience. these things would have looked very unreal, romantic feeling seems to be appearing in the love stories. But , we put them back to an evolutionary perspective, these are the efficiency of process is linked with. Now we take this love, this compassion back to look at the process of evolution. Why would these things out? Because human needs cooperation. I imagine the initial conditions for breaking the prisoner's dilemma, not in the prisoner's dilemma among them, but in some different from the prisoner's dilemma game to get. We have to change as long as the proceeds of which look, you will see that if both sides cooperate, then the loss of both will be very high; if bilateral cooperation, the two sides will be very large gains. Modern society does have such a possibility, if you cooperate, and I'm not cooperate, I can account for a lot cheaper. If we really think a lot of history that from happening, a lot of people do, but his fitness was improved, then this behavior would be genetic continue. But we must remember that we early human, there is another situation. In the early mankind, there's a large number of cases is more likely is this: I collaborate, you can not cooperate, but I'm sorry, you escape, you can not get any benefits. play an example, when humans come Zuxian Gang land just off the tree when the predators become more, and fewer varieties of food, had to rely on the food can be collected to sustain life, and now I can not. mankind must expand the sources of food, that must eat meat, have to go hunt. But then, in most cases under a single person can not play man these wild beasts, they are like the mammoth beast, not a single person eaten by them is good luck. this time, of course you can still rely on stealing, but you rely on a steal, which means the two of you all to be finished. In this case, we can assume that only two co- people, two duty-bound to cooperate, they can survive. so that we can see that the ancestors of humans, especially in the case of a very difficult, due to the cooperation must be no turning back, and not care about personal interests, they must be caring and other good things. In today's perspective, perhaps compassion, good things are very vague thing, but in human ancestors, which are directly related with the existence of things . After millions of years of hard environment like evolution, compassion, and other good things, should also be part of the human behavioral tendencies, and today each of us, deep down are sympathetic, there is the intention of goodness is for this reason.
everyone compassionate, kind-hearted, but just how many different levels. is because of this kindness, compassion, be possible to break the prisoner's dilemma. This prisoner's dilemma has become solvable Its premise is to compassionate, to have charity. this way, we put the kindness, compassion, concept, re-do a lot to explain, rather than ethics, philosophy, as do a mystery, hangs in the air . We found a point of view of economics from the efficiency point of view to understand the way these concepts. Likewise, I also made some study of religion, concluded with the traditional ethics are quite different. we all know, Ancient China has a very famous pipe, then called the there will be moral. And according to my research, my conclusion is precisely the opposite. My conclusion is that under the more difficult environment, the human sense of morality is stronger. Why? since in that difficult Under occasions, if you take unethical practices, or uncooperative, then you are a dead end. only cooperation, and then you can survive. this situation, to make our human compassion and kindness can we humans have. to the environment and often better, I live on my own a time when people can live, but will multiply human selfishness. from history we can see that there are many intrigues in that situation, mankind Civilization has a certain foundation. was to ensure the cooperation of the people, you have to use religion to Zhuangshennonggui, by scaring people to maintain religious cohesion within this. If you say you everyone, you do what you , the whole race to lower the cohesion. So is this the role of religion, the people gather together. I have written an article titled efficiency of the hook to hang. Later economic and social development, and also to die alone Zhuangshennonggui, then on the development of rational human we all agree that a series of rules to form a system. In dealing with personal matters, you engage in individual rationality is Yes, but in the general interest, not because of your personal interests to the detriment of the interests of others. This requires the law to regulate, the law exists, but also for efficiency reasons.
Therefore, it is because evolution the choice of the environment for efficiency, have made it so rich in culture. all the religious, legal, institutional, in fact, evolution has a problem, efficiency. further to say that in the process of evolution of human society, the people themselves evolution and social evolution itself, is a synchronous process is a mutually reinforcing and feedback. This process is, in fact we often talk about human evolution, natural evolution, social evolution, the evolution of the environment, all reinforce each other. our original understanding of the theory of evolution is natural selection, adapt it exists, not suited to it die out. But now it seems not. life, evolution, evolution of their own, must interact with the environment. the formation of the early Earth's atmosphere, there is no oxygen, a large number of all carbon dioxide, at that time, the first life, such as green algae, cyanobacteria, their energy from the sun, the sun through photosynthesis to water and carbon dioxide through the synthesis of sugar were to stay alive. It is a chemical reaction, but a byproduct of this chemical reaction, which is oxygen. that is, photosynthesis produces oxygen, while out. Oxygen is not a result of deliberate life movement was only a by-product, a large number photosynthetic consumption of water and carbon dioxide. But, slowly, the air oxygen to multiply them, and so to change the environment, and this environment changes, and it is inseparable from the movement of life itself. There After enough oxygen, the chemical composition of the atmosphere irreversible changes have taken place, thus the formation of the ozone layer, which is sex. this time, may be entirely accidental, have a life, it began with oxygen to breathe, it uses oxidation to obtain ATP, this is the mutation, because the original creatures are to obtain energy by fermentation, and now it to obtain energy by oxidation of a sudden, while doing so, it is particularly efficient. efficiency is particularly high after its descendants to more and more, we see that most of Earth creatures are aerobic respiration. aerobic This itself is a product of the evolution of life, and then it evolved to life impact on the environment.
As human beings, the environment has a greater impact on the. because as a senior biological characters have well-developed mind. human and animals, the largest difference is that the developed part of the brain. development of the brain is how come? It is the result of the evolution of the brain itself, but also during the evolution of human society in turn requires the brain to produce new results. the larger brain size , the more things you know, the more stimulating effect, and finally the brain more developed, more developed brain, the radius of the social activities began to spread a little further. all of which there are a lot of evolutionary economics is depth of, for example: the brain cells of early human activity capacity and what relationship between the radius? So, between human society and human, is a symbiotic relationship between the evolution.
so that we can now see that today Why economics can become Therefore, the field of social sciences are able to use economics, used to describe the dimensions of efficiency. I say here is that the efficiency of this dimension, this does not mean that economics can be many other disciplines can replace. Philosophy family, social scientists can still study from their own dimension in all aspects of society and the world. We Economics can also be from efficiency to study the ethical dimensions of issues, emotional issues, ethical issues, it is entirely possible. This Economics is a root cause of imperialism, which is tonight, I want to give you a broad description of the economic blueprint. Of course, the next 4 years of study in the process, I have just mentioned of these, of which 90% content, you may not have access to. textbook talked about I did not say exactly what that part is economics, that part of material wealth. tonight I did not speak textbooks that talk about 90% One is that you do not want a misunderstanding of economics, the second you do not want to be misunderstood, was that out of the Department of Economics, I know that money. You can tell he explained, far more than those of economics, human behavior in Most of economics can study. So, you have such a comprehensive understanding of economics, 4 years of your life, learning not to be able to maintain self-confidence, especially in the experimental class students, then you learning is bitter. and I hope you doing in-depth, professional training, while the economics Coban, to always remember that the outside world of economics is very broad and not confined to your eyes in the books Some small things on which the above. I do not particularly want to tell you that I have become the story of the man, a fried dough sticks to the old lady the money early in the morning knock on the door of a neighbor.
Well, I think I speak tonight, I give you is the content of these.
question one: I am a Chinese Department. I would like to ask, if I want to learn some economics courses, learn what is better?
leaves Airlines: It seems that there are many students today are not School of Economics. is not economics students want to learn economics, is a good thing. No matter what the future wish to engage in professional, I think the most basic economics are two the most basic courses, you must first learn a door is microeconomics, macroeconomics one. This is the core of economic theory, the theory of building the foundation. On this basis, according to their own situation you , choose to learn other programs.
Second question: Do you talk about today is the human cooperation and moral. That is not to say that no matter what the circumstances people have to cooperate? sometimes clearly do not need cooperation.
Ye Hang: That does not mean that. is not the case for cooperation have certain co-operation. I want to tell you, this is why the prisoner's dilemma theorists in economics will cause great shock, and inspire a lot of controversy. because prisoner's dilemma in this game, according to Nash equilibrium, only a way to cooperate. But we see today, this community is, there are still a lot of cooperation. cooperation is how did it? I have just said, we must first explain cooperation is how to produce. particularly in the Prisoner's Dilemma game situation which, it is difficult to cooperate. So how can such cooperation is generated? I'll see it on the source. In human society source, if each individual can pick the fruit on the ground leaning against the will survive, and that working together may not need. The question is, under the circumstances at the time, human ancestors may face a more hostile environment. At that time, may No 3,5 individuals (in fact, according to anthropological research, in which case the bottom, the smallest of the original population should be 6 people) together, is impossible to survive. the face of a mammoth, if less than 6 people , it is not human hunting mammoths, but rather a question of mammoth hunters. as is necessary to have cooperation. And we know that the human society entered the period of civilization is only a few thousand years, and humanity must be cooperation in this circumstances of life millions of years time or even thousands of years.
so many psychological characteristics today are in the evolution of the long process of formation. Now, in psychology, among them, a very cutting edge subject, is called evolutionary psychology, or called evolutionary psychology, it is considered people's psychological characteristics, behavioral characteristics of the time, they put up to consider a specific scenario, and to this scenario, moved up view of history. is said that the history of what we human beings have faced the environment, would lead to this kind of psychological situation. This approach is to psychology, economics, anthropology, combining a crossover study. I just love talking about human beings and other Many characteristics of human behavior, in fact, in evolution for a reason. It is because of the evolutionary history of long-term cooperation, we humans will be capable of compassion, kindness. This is what I talk about the meaning of cooperation, not to say In any situation, even if there is no need to go to cooperation of non-cooperation.
Question Three: I would like to ask, in how to choose between love and be loved?
Ye Hang: Can you ask this question specific point? What kind of love and be loved can not have both, is how a situation? hh I think, for girls, the choice may be better loved it.
question four: I would like to ask the public ownership in China Why did not the efficiency of the economy? public resources are occupied what is the reason? land has been taken serious note of what?
Ye Hang: You ask the question are very professional. you ask each question can be answered on for a long time, no time to start today. If you really are interested and could afford the time, then can go to the Yuquan campus Monday night, the Education Room 3-301, I'm open to graduate school, practice economics to explain these phenomena?
Ye Hang: This is a good question. parents arranged marriage, including married, so some of the concepts and practices of Chinese feudal society in the long term, in fact, not only in China, the Middle Ages in the West, are very common. Such models were later development of human society is basically to deny out. but it itself, at the time environment, including factors that are efficient. In the limited scope of human interaction traffic to pass very slowly, the information asymmetry the situation is very serious. In the Middle Ages, feudal society in China, information is developed, which means that the human is very difficult to understand one thing. At the same ...

Albert Einstein Albert Einstein 【Introduction】

 Albert. Einstein, Albert Einstein (1879.3.14-1955.4.18)
human history, one of the greatest scientists; has a theoretical physicist of Jewish descent; founder of the theory of relativity; awarded the Nobel in 1921 Prize in Physics; world-recognized scientists in the 20th century, one of the most outstanding. German scientist Albert Einstein's IQ: 160 or so
【Description】
1879 life was born in Ulm, Germany, an operating electrical workshops the owners family. A year later, with his family moved to Munich, .1894, his family moved to Milan, Italy .1895 Aarau, Switzerland, he transferred to the city of State High School .1896 University of Zurich into the study, Department of Physics Teachers, 1900 Graduation .1901 .1902 in obtaining Swiss nationality can not enter after graduating from university academic institutions, the Patent Office in Bern, Switzerland only do inspectors find a temporary job, was hired as a Swiss patent office in Bern, technicians, technology in patent applications identification of the work. But where Einstein was a scientific passion of formal education, eventually killing burst out again, easy to remain committed to working to Einstein science.
his spare time to carry out scientific research in 1905 , nearly 26-year-old Albert Einstein published three consecutive paper (the establishment and made light of quantum theory, to promote the revolutionary theory of physics. In the same year, the paper 1909 left the Patent Office, associate professor of theoretical physics at the University of Zurich office .1911 German University of Prague, he became professor of theoretical physics in 1912, he served as professor of his alma mater, Polytechnic School in Zurich. 1914, should be Max. Planck and Walter. Nernst invited back to Germany either by William the Royal Institute of Physics, University of Berlin, Professor and Chairman, until 1933, should be Hendrick in 1920. Anton. Lorenz and Paul ears. Ellen Fister's invitation, also Helan Lai Visiting Professor University of Houston. World War I broke out, he put an open and underground anti-war activities.
1915, Einstein published the general theory of relativity. After he made light of the sun's gravitational field predicted to be bent on 1919 by the British astronomer Arthur. Stanley. Eddington's solar eclipse observations, he confirmed .1916 gravitational waves predicted in 1978 has also been confirmed. Einstein and relativity in the West became a household name also attracted the German and other countries chauvinists, militarists and anti-Semitism of those vicious attacks.
1917, Einstein as the theoretical basis of the laser.
Einstein by photoelectric effect in terms of research, was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics .1933 Nazi Party in January, after seizing power in Germany, Einstein is a scientific Jieshou want the object of persecution, but fortunately he was lecturing in the United States, not by murderous .3 fled to Europe on his return to Belgium, September 9 that he was prepared to assassinate the Gestapo tracking, starry night crossing to England, in October to the U.S. Prince Washington University as professor of the new Institute of Advanced Studies, until 1945, he retired .1940 obtain U.S. citizenship.
1939, he was informed and the chain reaction of nuclear fission of uranium found in the Hungarian physicist Leo. Szilard, driven by a letter to President Roosevelt, the proposed development of the atomic bomb, in case the German take precedence. eve of World War II, the United States in two Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombs dropped over the city, Albert Einstein this strong dissatisfaction. battle , in order to carry out the peace movement against nuclear war and against the fascist danger in the United States, have made unremitting struggle.
1955 年 18 月 4 日 aortic aneurysm rupture due to the death of Albert Einstein in Princeton. follow his Will not hold any funeral, do not build tombs, can not stand monuments, ashes scattered on human security in place forever, so as not to make any place a holy place. Einstein's later life has been engaged in looking for big unified theory of work But this work did not succeed, and now the grand unified theory of physics theory is the central issue.
1955 年 4 months, dying of Einstein signed the together, to prevent the outbreak of a new world war. Einstein is not only a great scientist, or a pacifist. He has seen two world wars, the destruction of human civilization, that peace is humanity's primary problem. < br> 1999 year March 14, Wu was born in Germany, Ear Farm southwest city of Munich a year later moved with his family. Einstein's parents were Jewish, his father Hermann. Einstein and his uncle Jacob. Albert Einstein, and opened a power plant and lighting systems for the production of motors, arc lights and electrical appliances factory instrument. mother, Lin is a glass of families of women with secondary education, very fond of music, taught him the time in the Einstein-year-old violin.
love Einstein was not a lively child, more than three years old will not talk, parents are worried that he is dumb, who took him to a doctor. Fortunately, Baby Einstein is not dumb, but his speech until the age of nine is not very smooth, every word spoken must be difficult, but careful thought.
four or five years old, Einstein once confined to bed, his father gave him a compass. When he discovered that a compass always points to a fixed direction, was very surprised that there must be something deeply hidden behind this phenomenon. He was happy playing for days on this compass, still cling to the father and uncle Jacob asked a series of questions. Although he did not even ; magnetic > Einstein elementary school and middle school, homework is normal. Because of his demeanor slowly exchanges do not love my colleagues, teachers and students do not like him. taught him Greek and Latin teacher to him, is offensive, publicly scolded him: Jacob in electrical technology, the factory responsible for the affairs of Einstein's father is responsible for business relationships. Jacob was an engineer himself very fond of mathematics, Einstein came when he asked a small question, He was always popular with a very shallow knowledge of the language of mathematics introduced to him. under the influence of his uncle, Albert Einstein earlier by the scientific and philosophical enlightenment.
his father's business is not good, but is an optimistic and good-hearted people, at home one evening every week to invite to dinner poor students studying in Munich, this is tantamount to remedy them. in which a pair of Jewish brothers from Lithuania Max and Bernard, they are is to learn medicine, and like to read books, wide range of interests. They were invited to dinner Einstein and and shy, black hair and brown eyes make small Einstein became good friends.
Max can said to be Einstein's . Einstein's later years recalled little of this sacred book, said: prove that any suspected seems impossible. The clarity and reliability of left me with an indescribable impression. natural sciences, the main results and methods of popular science books not only enhance the knowledge of Einstein, but also struck a chord with young people, curious, causing him to question the thought. Einstein was sixteen years old Zurich, Switzerland, federal candidates University of Engineering, but it failed entrance exams. He accepted the president of the Federal University of Technology and the school famous physicist Prof Weber's proposal, the city of Aarau in Switzerland State High School finished the secondary school curriculum in order to obtain secondary education .
1896 年 10 months, Einstein entered the Zurich University of the school, studying in the Department of Mathematics and Physics Teachers. He's injection of school education is offensive, that it makes no time, no interested in thinking about other issues. Fortunately, choking the real power to force science education, Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich is much less than other universities. Einstein full use of the school in the free air, to concentrate on his own love discipline. In schools, his extensive reading of the Helmholtz, Hertz and other works of masters of physics, he is most fascinating is that Maxwell's electromagnetic theory. He has a self-learning skills, problem analysis and independent thinking habits capacity.
early work
1900, Einstein graduated from the University of Zurich. because he is not keen on some homework, and teacher indifference and rejection staying. he could not find work, by teachers and substitute teachers to do the family live. in unemployment year and a half later, interest in and understanding of his students to Marcel. Grossman to him a helping hand. Grossman managed to convince his father to Albert Einstein Introduction to the Swiss Patent Office to make a technician.
Einstein Grossman life thanks to his help. in memory of Grossman's letter, he talked about the matter, said that when he graduated from college, like life-saving grace, without him I probably Buzhi Yu starve to death, but the spirit will be deserting our ideas together. June 23, 1902, Einstein formally employed in the Patent Office, any third technician job duties is to review applications for patents on a variety of technological innovations and inventions .1903, he and Mileva university students. Ma Like marriage.
1900 年 -1904, Einstein wrote a paper each year, published in Germany, that being the case, instead of the mechanical basis of .1901 of thermodynamics was proposed some basic theory of statistical mechanics, 1902 -1904 between the three papers fall into this area.
1904 years of careful study of the statistical mechanics fluctuations predicted by the phenomenon and found that the energy fluctuation depends on the Boltzmann constant. It is not only the results for mechanical systems and thermal phenomena, and boldly for the radiation phenomenon, draw radiant energy fluctuation formula Wien displacement law to export. Fluctuation Phenomena, made him in 1905 in the kinetic theory of radiation theory and also made a major breakthrough in two areas.
1905
1905 miracle year, Einstein in the history of science has created an unprecedented miracle. This year he wrote six papers in the March to September the past six months, the use of the Patent Office free time outside of work hours per day, making four in three areas a landmark contribution has he made that on the light quantum, molecular size determination, theory of Brownian motion and special relativity that four important papers.
1905 年 3 months, Einstein himself considered correct to send a paper to the German be embarrassed light quantum hypothesis put forward. that: For the time average, the light showed fluctuations; and for the instantaneous value of the performance of the particle nature of light. This is the first time revealed the volatility of microscopic objects and particles of uniform, that is, wave-particle duality.
the end of this article, he ran out an easy explanation of the concept of quantum classical physics can not explain the photoelectric effect, the maximum photoelectron energy is derived with the relationship between the frequency of incident light. This relationship ten years after the grant by the Millikan experiment confirmed .1921, Einstein because . Albert Einstein in the light, heat, electricity in the three areas of physics go hand in hand, out of control on April .1905, Einstein completed the required kinetic theory of static liquid particulate movement. no regular exercise, to determine the actual size of molecules to solve the half-century scientific and philosophical circles to argue the existence of the atomic problem.
Three years later, French physicist Perrin's experiments confirmed the precision Einstein's theory predicts. to prove justifiable objective existence of atoms and molecules, making the most firmly opposed to the atomic theory of the German chemist, only to founder on the Ostwald initiative announced in 1908: atomic hypothesis has become a solid basis of scientific theory This is Einstein and explore the results of years of brewing, it is the late 19th century in large measure to solve the crisis of classical physics that appears, change the concept of Newtonian mechanics, time and space, exposing the very nature of matter and energy, the creation of a new physics world, is the greatest of modern physics revolution.
special theory of relativity can be explained by classical physics can not only explain all the phenomena of classical physics can explain some physical phenomena can not be explained, and the predicted number of new effects. The most important conclusion is that special relativity principle of conservation of mass loss of independence, he and energy conservation together, mass and energy can be transformed into each other. there are other more frequently mentioned slow-foot bell contraction, the speed of light constant, the photon rest mass is zero and so on. and classical mechanics to relativistic mechanics became an exercise in low-speed limit situation. Thus, it was in mechanics and electromagnetism unification on the basis of kinematics up.
1905 年 9 months, Einstein wrote a short article, Theoretical Foundation, also 40 years of the 20th century to achieve the release and use of nuclear energy has opened the way.
in this short period of six months, Einstein's breakthrough achievements in science can be said to be , unprecedented. enveloped in a scope of application of the principle be extended to non-inertial reference frame. He Galilean gravitational field all objects have the same acceleration of the experimental facts found the breakthrough in the old, in 1907 proposed the equivalence principle. in this year, his college teacher, the famous geometer proposed special relativity Minkowski four-dimensional space representation for the further development of theory of relativity provides a useful mathematical tool, but unfortunately Einstein did not recognize its value.
etc. effect principle of discovery, Einstein considered the most enjoyable of his life thinking about, but after the work was very hard, and take a big detour .1911, he analyzed the rigid rotating disc, aware of the gravitational field-EU Ji He's not strictly valid. Lorenz also found that change is not universal, the equivalence principle valid only for infinitely small region hh. when the Albert Einstein already had the idea of general relativity, but he also established that the lack of mathematical foundations necessary.
1912, Einstein returned to Zurich to his alma mater work. In his classmates, his alma mater, Professor Ren Shuxue Grossman help him Riemannian geometry and tensor analysis found established mathematical tools of general relativity. After a year of struggling to cooperate, they made an important 1913 paper together, the Riemannian geometry to obtain the physical meaning of it.
but they were the gravitational field equations are only linear transformation is covariant theory of general relativity is not required with any covariance under coordinate transformation. This is because the Einstein tensor operator was not familiar with, so he wrong to think that if we continue to conservation law, we must restrict the choice of coordinate system, in order to maintain causality, had to abandon the requirements of general covariance.
long Discover
difficult after the completion of general relativity, Einstein is still unsatisfied, it is necessary to promote the general theory of relativity together, so that it includes not only the gravitational field, including electromagnetic fields. He believes this is the third phase of the development of relativity, the unified field theory.
1925 years later, Einstein's unified field theory go all out to explore. the first few years he was very optimistic that victory is in sight; later found difficult, he believes the existing mathematical tools are not enough; 1928 into the future exploration of pure mathematics. He tried to use various methods, but have not made a real physical meaning of the results.
1925 年 -1955 In the past 30 years, in addition to the completeness of quantum mechanics problems gravitational waves and the movement of general relativity issues, Einstein almost all of his energy to science to create a unified field theory are used for exploration.
1937, the cooperation of the two assistants from his general theory of relativity in the gravitational field equation of motion equation is derived, and further revealed the spatial mm time, matter, motion unity between, this is a major development of general relativity, Einstein also made scientific creation activities, the last major achievement.
a unified field theory, he has not succeeded, he never discouraged, always full of confidence at the end from the beginning. because he was away from the mainstream of physics, there was no condition to attack alone to solve the problem, therefore, the same the situation of 20 years contrary, his later years in the physics community is very isolated. but he is still fearless, and unswervingly determined to go his own way, until the day before death, he was still in bed ready to continue his unified field theory mathematical calculations.
concerns the fate of all mankind who
Einstein love science, but also love humanity. He did not because, deep in research and placing themselves from society, has been concerned about the progress of human civilization and for, and tenacity, the courage to fight. He said:
1914 年 4 months, Einstein accepted the invitation of the German scientific community, moved to Berlin, World War I broke out in August that. occupying the war, although the birthplace of his life surrounded by advocates of the war , was emphatic that his anti-war attitude .9 months, Einstein anti-war groups sponsoring the case, Einstein is still determined to participate in the organization's clandestine activities.
10 months, the German scientific community and cultural manipulation of the militarists and inflamed, issued a Germany's war of aggression launched by the defense, advocate Germany above all, the whole world should accept the the artist and the priest and so on. Even Nernst, Roentgen, Ostwald, Planck and so in the above signed. When Einstein sought a signature, he flatly refused, while he was resolutely anti- war, It was a commend to the world will have a decisive significance, the great social experiment, said: that his approach is practical, but one thing is certain: this type of person as he is a defender of human conscience and recycling of those. victory of the revolution under the influence and inspiration, an uprising to overthrow the Kaiser Wilhelm II to step down on the third day, that is, to his mother, Einstein wrote a postcard row, cheering This incident is what a privilege! dreams. especially after Hitler came to power in 1933, growing fascist Germany, Einstein realized that a new barbarism that the war is inevitable, prompting him to change his views. He clearly said: , we have to fight. Since the arrival of the danger of fascism, and now I no longer believe in absolute passive pacifism is effective. Just fascist rule in Europe, there would be no peace. Einstein's progress activities, and because he was Jewish, they have been the persecution of the German Nazis as an important target, but fortunately the end of 1932 he left Germany to the United States to give lectures, was not being behind the atrocities. He was in Berlin confiscated and destroyed housing, His property was confiscated, his writings were burned, the Nazis also offering a reward of twenty thousand marks to kill him. face the risk of assassination Nazis, Einstein is not the slightest fear, but more determined to fight. When his best friend of labor Ecuador to write and urge him to play it safe on the attitude of political issues, his considerable personal risk, speak out, that fascism means war, peace must be armed to defend the appeal together with the American people to fight fascism.
for human progress in the course of fighting for the cause, Einstein has been concerned about the oppressed, enslaved country and people. he was opposed to the atrocities of fascist extermination of the Jews, to fight for the survival of the Jewish right to speak out. But he also opposed to narrow the Jewish nation doctrine, would like to see the Jews ; African Americans in this direction the efforts made by the firm, should be everyone's praise and support In the August 2, 1939 President Roosevelt proposed to the research in this area to write the letter, he did not know after the U.S. government secretly engaged in the manufacture of atomic bombs, some of Einstein in this work to his confidential friends , let him know about this. But when he made that Germany did not bomb, while the U.S. has made the atomic bomb, his heart was heavy and disturbed. He said that if he knew that Germany would not make a bomb, he not to wrote a book report U.S. citizen, said: aspects of human well-being. To Socialism? to solve this difficult social mm extreme political issues, given the political power and economic concentration of power, how will it be possible to prevent unlimited executive power and arrogance into it? How can the individual's rights are protected, while the executive power to ensure there is a balance of forces of democracy do? Princeton.
】 【anecdotes recorded
1895
Einstein truancy in the spring, Einstein has been 16 years old. under German law at that time, the boy only 17 years old before they can leave Germany before do not have to come back from military service. because of the abhorrence of militarism, together alone in the barracks-like secondary schools have been intolerable Louis Boulder, Einstein did not discuss with the parents to privately decided to leave Germany, to Italy with their parents.
but , to drop out, how will not get the diploma do? always honest, simple Einstein, so he actually came up with an organization that among the good ideas. He asked the mathematics teacher gave him the proof sheets, said he was in math Excellent, early to university level. and from where did you get a doctor familiar with a sick leave certificate, said he neurasthenia, need to go home resting. Einstein proved that these two, you can escape this disgusting place.
Who knows, he has not made an application, call the dean had him go to his corrupt class atmosphere, the reasons for not abiding by discipline expelled. Einstein blush, for whatever reason, leave it as long as secondary schools, he willingly, but also refused to take anything. He just did not implement their own come up with a cunning idea suddenly felt guilty, then every mention this, Einstein is guilt. about this kind of thing and His frank and sincere personality difference in incomes.
refused to become Israel's second president
1948 年 5 14, the State of Israel was born, but soon the surrounding Arab countries, Israel and the war broke out. has been settled in Albert Einstein more than a decade the United States to the media immediately declared: on November 9, an old friend of Einstein's first President Ezer Weizman of Israel died. The day before, there is the Israeli ambassador to the U.S. with Israeli Prime Minister conveyed to the Einstein. Gurion's letter, the official draw for love Stan candidate for President of the Republic of Israel. day later, a reporter called to the residence of Albert Einstein, Einstein asked: ; people. by you to serve as Israel's president, the great symbol of the Jewish people, could not be better. call from the Israeli ambassador. ambassador said: President, naturally, I understand that about people, I almost do not know about. I am such a person, how can serve as president? ask you to explain to the press, give me a solution siege. ; Professor, the late President Ezer Weizman is also a professor of it. you qualified. , every Jew around the world are expecting you to do! let them distress. Soon, Einstein made a statement in the newspaper, the official declined to become President of Israel. In Einstein's view, own words: Einstein's theory of relativity began to introduce to China, in particular through the British philosopher Bertrand Russell in 1920 to lecture in China, the Chinese academic community has left a deep impression. Einstein I look again and again projected to have an ancient and unfamiliar China, winter 1922, he was invited to Japan to give lectures, and from the way, after two in Shanghai, spent a total of three days, saw the suffering in China, and placed deep sympathy. He noted in the travel diary ; tragic image and more naive. but most of them are a heavy burden: the men and women have the wages of five cents a day every day, knocking stones. They seem to understand their fate moronic Debu terrible. working with, in the moaning, and is tenacious people, his social compassion is awakened again. He believes that this is the poorest nation on earth, they were brutally abused, they've been treated more than beasts of burden but also better. The first individual conversation Zhou Peiyuan said: